Exploring external urban relational processes: inter-city financial flows complementing global city-regions

External urban relations are commonly described as one of two types: hierarchical local hinterlands (central place theory) and networked non-local hinterworlds flow theory), referred to town-ness city-ness, respectively. This paper builds on develops these generic concepts make them specifically relevant today's corporate globalization. The central process is represented by multi-nodal global city-regions, the inter-city capital investment flows. We find that flows in cities increase proximate smaller within their regions. empirical link between city-ness has theoretical policy implications.